
+248% SOX9 Expression. −97% MMP13 Expression. +796% HO-1 Expression
16 ingredients · 16 selected studies
Inside the Molecular Evidence
Explore the quantified cellular and molecular findings behind each featured ingredient, together with its exact amount per 3-capsule serving. Every result is tied to its study model and source.
The molecular evidence behind
every ingredient
Review the measured pathway, experimental model, reported change, limitation, and exact amount per 3-capsule serving for each research-selected ingredient.
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
Active-vitamin-D research examining extracellular-matrix content and terminal chondrocyte differentiation.
Why it was selected
Selected to represent vitamin-D-dependent regulation of growth-plate cartilage maturation and matrix composition.
What changed in the study
In the cited preclinical work, calcitriol increased growth-plate uronic-acid content while reducing alkaline-phosphatase activity, a marker associated with terminal chondrocyte differentiation.
In the formula
Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol)
125 mcg (5,000 IU) per serving · 625% Daily Value
From the literature
Primary study
Vitamin D3
Vitamin K2
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7)
MK-7-associated changes in chondrocyte proliferation, migration, and stress-response gene expression.
Why it was selected
Selected for research connecting vitamin K2 status with chondrocyte proliferation and cellular stress-response signaling.
What changed in the study
Cells isolated from MK-7-fed animals showed significantly greater proliferation in several conditions. The mean wound-closure difference was calculated from reported means and was not statistically significant.
In the formula
Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7)
100 mcg per serving · 83% Daily Value
From the literature
Primary study
Vitamin K2
Zinc
Zinc Picolinate
A mineral signal studied directly in epiphyseal growth-plate chondrocytes.
Why it was selected
Selected for direct evidence involving proliferative-zone chondrocytes and proteoglycan sulfation.
What changed in the study
Zinc increased proliferation in proliferative-zone cells and enhanced production of PAPS, a sulfate donor involved in cartilage proteoglycan synthesis. Hypertrophic-cell proliferation did not increase.
In the formula
Zinc (as Zinc Picolinate)
15 mg per serving · 136% Daily Value
From the literature
Primary study
Zinc
Baicalin
A cartilage-matrix signal studied across proliferation and chondrogenic gene-expression endpoints.
Why it was selected
Selected for its combined preclinical signal across cell viability, matrix deposition, and cartilage-associated gene expression.
What changed in the study
Baicalin increased DNA content and glycosaminoglycan production while increasing SOX9, collagen II, and aggrecan expression and reducing collagen I expression.
In the formula
Baicalin (Scutellaria baicalensis extract, 95% isolate)
150 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Baicalin
Trans-Resveratrol
A growth-plate remodeling study with cellular, matrix, and fusion-related measurements.
Why it was selected
Selected for a distinctive preclinical profile involving growth-plate architecture, hypertrophic-zone morphology, and vascular markers.
What changed in the study
The study reported thicker growth plates and changes in hypertrophic chondrocyte number and size, alongside fewer VEGF- and laminin-positive cells. BrdU-measured proliferation decreased.
In the formula
Trans-Resveratrol (98% pure isolate)
150 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Trans-Resveratrol
Mucuna pruriens
Patent-reported cellular data involving prostaglandin E2 and wound-closure assays.
Why it was selected
Selected as a distinct inflammation-signaling component, with transparent labeling that the cited evidence comes from a patent application rather than a peer-reviewed paper.
What changed in the study
At 40 μg/mL, the extract reduced PGE2 in chondrocyte, osteoclast, and muscle-cell assays. The source reports multiple experiments and some methodological ambiguity around the scratch assay.
In the formula
Mucuna pruriens extract (98% L-Dopa)
150 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Mucuna pruriens
Icariin
One of the clearest chondrogenic gene-expression profiles in the selected research set.
Why it was selected
Selected for direct quantitative changes in SOX9, collagen II, aggrecan, and cartilage-matrix production.
What changed in the study
Icariin increased chondrogenic transcription and matrix synthesis in collagen-hydrogel constructs. SOX9, collagen II, and aggrecan remained elevated at weeks 2 and 4.
In the formula
Icariin (Epimedium extract, 98% isolate)
150 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Icariin
Luteolin
A strong antioxidant signal paired with suppression of a cartilage-degrading enzyme.
Why it was selected
Selected for complementary molecular evidence across oxidative stress, MMP13 expression, and cartilage-matrix preservation.
What changed in the study
Luteolin dose-dependently reduced induced ROS and MMP13 expression. At 24 μM, the relative reduction in cytokine-associated GAG loss was 44.2%, although that individual comparison had p = 0.080.
In the formula
Luteolin (98% pure isolate)
150 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Luteolin
Siliphos / Silibinin
Silybin phytosome ingredient
A cartilage-degradation and inflammatory-signaling study using silibinin rather than the finished phospholipid complex.
Why it was selected
Selected for broad preclinical changes involving matrix-degrading enzymes, inflammatory mediators, and cartilage structural markers.
What changed in the study
Silibinin suppressed PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation and reduced MMPs, ADAMTS enzymes, PGE2, nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 while preserving collagen II and aggrecan.
In the formula
Siliphos® Phospholipid Complex (Silybin Phytosome)
100 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Siliphos / Silibinin
Ellagic Acid
A concentration-response study in inflammatory injury to chondrogenic cells.
Why it was selected
Selected to add a cellular-injury and viability pathway to the broader formula rationale.
What changed in the study
Ellagic acid improved viability in LPS-injured ATDC5 cells, with the strongest response at 10 μM. Benefits diminished as concentration increased, and exact percentage changes were presented graphically rather than tabulated.
In the formula
Ellagic Acid (from Pomegranate Extract, 90%+ isolate)
300 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Ellagic Acid
EGCG
Epigallocatechin Gallate
A proliferation and phenotype-maintenance study in primary chondrocytes.
Why it was selected
Selected for coordinated changes in SOX9, collagen II, aggrecan, DNA content, and glycosaminoglycan production.
What changed in the study
EGCG increased cell DNA content and matrix synthesis while supporting cartilage-associated gene expression. Responses generally peaked around 10 μM; exact marker percentages were shown graphically.
In the formula
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate, from Green Tea Extract)
250 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
EGCG
Cyanidin-3-Glucoside
C3G
A high-glucose cell-injury model centered on SIRT1, AMPK, oxidative stress, and autophagy.
Why it was selected
Selected for a distinct cellular-resilience pathway involving metabolic stress and autophagy signaling.
What changed in the study
C3G pretreatment reduced high-glucose-associated apoptosis and oxidative stress while increasing SIRT1, AMPK phosphorylation, and autophagy-related signaling.
In the formula
Cyanidin-3-Glucoside (C3G, from Black Rice Isolate)
250 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Cyanidin-3-Glucoside
Kaempferol
A chondrogenic differentiation study centered on ERK and BMP-2 signaling.
Why it was selected
Selected for a complementary differentiation pathway connecting ERK activation with BMP-2 and cartilage-matrix markers.
What changed in the study
Kaempferol increased cartilage-nodule formation, proteoglycan synthesis, SOX9, collagen II, BMP-2, BMP-4, RUNX2, osteocalcin, and ALP. ERK inhibition reduced the chondrogenic response.
In the formula
Kaempferol (98% pure isolate)
100 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Kaempferol
Sulforaphane
A high-contrast molecular profile across HO-1, NF-κB, MMP13, ADAMTS4, and matrix preservation.
Why it was selected
Selected for one of the broadest quantified pathway profiles in the dossier.
What changed in the study
Sulforaphane increased HO-1, suppressed IL-1/NF-κB signaling and matrix-degrading enzymes, and reduced cytokine-associated GAG loss. Some BMP and TGF-β reporter changes were nonsignificant trends.
In the formula
Sulforaphane (from Broccoli Seed Extract standardized to 10%)
100 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Sulforaphane
Forskolin
A cell-state study focused on maintaining an immature chondrocyte phenotype before transplantation.
Why it was selected
Selected for evidence connecting SOX9-positive cell state, cartilage matrix accumulation, and reduced maturation-associated gene expression.
What changed in the study
Forskolin increased pellet size, proliferating-cell markers, and sulfated matrix while reducing COL10A1, ALPL, IHH, RUNX2, SP7, and BMP2 expression in the tested differentiation protocol.
In the formula
Forskolin (Coleus forskohlii extract, 95% isolate)
50 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Forskolin
Apigenin
A potent in-vitro signaling profile across NF-κB, SMAD2/3, MMP13, and aggrecan loss.
Why it was selected
Selected for strong quantified suppression of inflammatory and matrix-degrading signaling in the tested systems.
What changed in the study
Apigenin reduced IL-1/NF-κB and TGF-β/SMAD2/3 reporter activity, suppressed MMP13, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5, and reduced cytokine-associated cartilage GAG loss.
In the formula
Apigenin (98% pure isolate)
50 mg per serving
From the literature
Primary study
Apigenin
These are preclinical ingredient-level findings from different experimental systems. They do not establish that the finished formula produces the same changes in people, and they should not be interpreted as evidence of increased human height.
−97% ROS Signal. −51.3% Cartilage GAG Loss. +40–50% Chondrocyte Proliferation
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